The Impact of Climate Change on California: 8th Largest Economy, 40% of U.S. Shipping

Preface. California’s economy and population relies on one of the most extensive and costly infrastructure systems in the world. This includes thousands of miles of roads, highways and railroads, nearly 200 large water reservoirs of varying capacity, miles of canals, oil refineries, waste water treatment facilities, the second largest hydro-power production in the United States, over 12 of the nation’s largest oil reservoirs, hundreds of airports, thousands of bridges, and sea ports that deal in over $200 billion in trade a year.

As goes California in climate change, so goes the nation, since this is where a quarter of the nation’s food is grown, the ports that handle 40% of imports and 30% of exports and much more. Continue reading

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Fusion at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Source: The target chamber of LLNL’s National Ignition Facility, where 192 laser beams delivered more than 2 million joules of ultraviolet energy to a tiny fuel pellet to create fusion ignition. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Preface. Anyone who thought the recent headlines about a “Nuclear Fusion Breakthrough” were true, might be surprised to know that most media left out one or more of the following important information:

  • That the purpose of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) National Ignition Facility (NIF) is to test nuclear bombs to be sure they’ll explode and make better nuclear weapons in the future
  • There is no goal of generating electricity from fusion, only testing weapons at LLNL
  • That 100 times more energy was used to charge the lasers (300 MJ) than came out
  • The huge size of the facility required — three football fields containing 192 lasers to blast a sphere the size of a peppercorn that needs to be made of diamond and perfectly round and blasted at exactly the same time from all lasers
  • A power plant based on this method would need to make 10 shots per second on one million capsules a day that are made, filled, positioned, blasted, and cleared away (Clery 2022)
  • That attempts usually fail because the peppercorn sphere must be absolutely perfect plus the lasers must all fire together within 25 trillionths of a second
  • That most tests fail because of the perfection required
  • Each capsule costs hundreds of thousands of dollars paid for with $349 million a year of government money, $3.5 billion since 2010 (Hunt 2022).
  • It takes a day for the lasers to cool down after a single shot, but fusion electricity would require the lasers to fire 10 times a second

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Fusion: Tokamak Obstacles

Source: Sparkes M (2022) Korean nuclear fusion reactor achieves 100 million°C for 30 seconds. New Scientist.

Preface. Hope springs eternally for Fusion.  I’ve come to see press releases about fusion breakthroughs as mostly a way to get more startup investment or government funding.

The Buttery (2021) excerpt is mainly to show you how impossible it is to explain the technical challenges without a PhD in nuclear engineering.  Nate Hagens calls the future “The Great Simplification” when high levels of complexity, precision, supply chains, energy and more won’t make fusion, semiconductors, computers, or even toasters possible.

A post that better explains fusion and why it has failed so far (and probably forever) in plain language is Fusion: Book review of “Sun in a Bottle”

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Opposition to mining will prevent a green transition to renewables

Source: Bare (2012) Environmentalists win review of two more plants near Rosemont copper mine. Arizona Capitol times.

I could overwhelm you with world-wide trillions of tons of mining waste and how China has rendered 20% of its farmland too toxic to grow crops (BBC 2014), but let’s just zoom in on one mine in Arizona. In 2022, 13 years after the Rosemont Copper Mine near Tuscon, AZ was proposed in 2009, was finally shut down after strong opposition.

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President George W. Bush energy policy & hurricane Katrina

Preface. After Hurricane Katrina damaged oil and gas infrastructure, oil prices shot up. Below are excerpts from news stories in 2005 when President Bush, an oilman, openly discussed the U.S. energy dependence.

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The electric grid could be down for years if LPTs destroyed

Large Power Transformer Source: ABB Conversations (2013)

Preface. This post contains excerpts from two Department of Energy documents and one about large geomagnetic storms and how they would affect Large power transformers (LPT) and the U.S. electric grid. They are key essential critical infrastructure to keep the electric grid up, and enormous, up to 800,000 pounds making them expensive and hard to deliver. And vulnerable to supply chain failures because the largest ones are not made in the U.S.

If large power transformers are destroyed by a geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) electromagnetic pulse (EMP), cyber-attack, sabotage, severe weather, floods, or simply old age, parts or all of the electric grid could be down in a region for 6 months to 5 years.

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550,000 abandoned mines, $50 billion to clean up the worst of them

Aerial photo of waste water rushing out of the Gold King mine in Silverton, CO. Photo: Steve Garrison/The Daily Times

Aerial photo of waste water rushing out of the Gold King mine in Silverton, CO. Photo: Steve Garrison/The Daily Times

Preface. Below are excerpts of a US House 2010 congressional hearing on cleaning up abandoned mines.

Abandoned mines can cause soil erosion, heavy metal contamination (i.e., cyanide, lead, arsenic, mercury, uranium), and acid drainage that threatens thousands of streams and rivers. The EPA estimates it would cost $50 billion to reclaim abandoned and inactive mine sites. Cleanup funds don’t exist because mining companies, unlike gas and oil concerns, do not pay royalties to the federal government for what they extract from public lands.

The U.S. Bureau of Land Management began requiring funds from miners in 2001 to use for cleanup, though many doubt there is enough money.  Environmental groups are also trying to force the EPA to require mining companies to set aside cleanup money.

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Cybersecurity supply chain deep dive assessment U.S. Department of Energy

Preface. I’ve been reading about cyber threats since 2007, and a problem still true today is that the government can do nothing except a few puny regulations here and there for the most part, since critical infrastructure like energy and finance are in PRIVATE hands.

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Uranium waste from 50+ sites contaminating groundwater

Preface. One of the top priorities of collapse from energy decline is to clean up nuclear (Superfund and other hazardous) wastes NOW, while we have the energy and technical ability to do so. Future generations will be thrown back into the 14th century (life before coal), we simply must clean up our mess to keep from harming thousands of future generations.

Summary. ProPublica writes about during the cold war the U.S. quickly mined and processed uranium at over 50 sites with no plan for cleaning up the 250 million tons of toxic & radioactive tailings left behind. Because of that over 84% of these sites have polluted groundwater. Most of them are out west where water is scarce and valuable. Cleanup is proceeding slowly for reasons such as too many bureaucracies and infighting among regulatory agencies.

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Risks of cyber attack on Infrastructure

Delacourt TP (2022) Cyberattacks on Critical Infrastructure as the New WMD. Homeland Security.

Preface. What follows are several articles on how cyber attacks could harm our infrastructure across at least 16 systems we depend on.  Although it is the decline of fossil fuels that will cause the most suffering and deaths, we’ve allowed modern civilization to be almost as dependent on electricity across infrastructure (health, finance and more).  This issue is so widespread, of such magnitude that I have made many posts on this topic to try to convey the myriad complexities, which I continue to marvel at.  So there are other posts on this topic here too.

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